Rapid, sensitive detection of intact SARS-CoV-2 using DNA nets and a smartphone-linked fluorimeter

We report a single-step, room-temperature, 5-10 minute SARS-CoV-2 saliva self-monitoring method that overcomes the limitations of existing approaches through the use of fluorophore-releasing Designer DNA Nanostructures (DDNs) that bind with the multivalent pattern of spike proteins on the exterior intact virions and an inexpensive smartphone-linked, pocket-size fluorimeter, called a "V-Pod” for its resemblance to an Apple AirPod™ headphone case. We characterize the V-Pod fluorimeter performance and the DDN-based assay to demonstrate a clinically relevant detection limit of 104 virus particles/mL for pseudo-typed WT SARS-CoV-2 and 105 virus particles/mL for real pathogenic variants, including Delta, Omicron, and D614g. © 2023 SPIE.

Current Advances in Nanomaterial-associated Micro and Nano-devices for SARS-CoV-2 Detection

COVID-19 spread rapidly around the world in 18 months, with various forms of variants caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). This has put pressure on the world community and created an urgent need for understanding its early occurrence through rapid, simple, cheap, and yet highly accurate diagnosis. The most widely adopted method as of today is the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This test has shown the potential for rapid testing, but unfortunately, the test is not rapid and, in some cases, displays false negatives or false positives. The nanomaterials play an important role in creating highly sensitive systems, and have been thought to significantly improve the performance of the SARSCoV- 2 protocols. Several biosensors based on micro-and nano-sensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been reported, and they employ multi-dimensional hybrids on sensing surfaces with devices having different sizes and geometries. Zero-to-three-dimension nanomaterial hybrids on sensing surfaces, including nanofilm hybrids for SARS-CoV-2 detection, were employed with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy. Furthermore, the sensors were nanofluidic and mediated high-performance SARS-CoV-2 detection. This breakthrough has brought the possibility of making a biosystem on a chip (Bio-SoC) for rapid, cheap, and point-of-care detection. This review summarises various advancements in nanomaterial-associated nanodevices and metasurface devices for detecting SARS-CoV-2.

Advancements in Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications.

Biosensors are analytical tools that can be used as simple, real-time, and effective devices in clinical diagnosis, food analysis, and environmental monitoring. Nanoscale functional materials possess unique properties such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, making them useful for biomedical diagnostic purposes. Nanoengineering has resulted in the increased use of nanoscale functional materials in biosensors. Various types of nanostructures i.e., 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, have been intensively employed to enhance biosensor selectivity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and speed of response time to display results. In particular, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have been extensively employed in electrochemical biosensors, which have become an interdisciplinary frontier between material science and viral disease detection. This review provides an overview of the current research activities in nanofiber-based electrochemical biosensors for diagnostic purposes. The clinical applications of these nanobiosensors are also highlighted, along with a discussion of the future directions for these materials in diagnostics. The aim of this review is to stimulate a broader interest in developing nanofiber-based electrochemical biosensors and improving their applications in disease diagnosis. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent advances achieved in point of care (PoC) electrochemical biosensor applications, focusing on new materials and modifiers enabling biorecognition that have led to improved sensitivity, specificity, stability, and response time.

Pterin interactions with gold clusters: A theoretical study

Gold (Au) nanoclusters (NCs) are novel materials with low cytotoxicity and high chemical stability. These properties are in high demand during the bioimaging. Moreover, the optical properties of gold clusters allow to use them as colorimetric and luminescent bionanosensors. Pterins are low molecular weight organic compounds, which are used in medicine as biomarkers of phenylketonuria, vitiligo, inflammation and immune system activation, cancer, COVID-19, etc. We have investigated the possibility of gold nanosensors usage to detect pterin (Ptr). Ptr-Aunq structures (n = 1–6;q = 0–2) Gibbs energy of complexation (Eb) have been obtained using density functional theory. The highest Eb was determined for the complexes of Au62+ and Au32+ in acidic and alkaline aqueous solution, respectively. The detection of pterin with gold clusters seems to be prospective using both colorimetric and fluorescent detection because of the intense S0→S1 transition in the absorption spectrum of the Au5+ complex. Raman detection of pterin should be performed at alkaline pH because of the dramatic changes in the spectrum of Ptr−1 upon the addition of Au clusters. We believe that these tunable changes of the pterin spectra due to Au clusters and nanoparticles attachment could be exploited in further studies on nanosensor design. © 2023

Longitudinal analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in vaccinees using a novel giant magnetoresistive (GMR) assay.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to monitor important correlates of immunity on a population-wide level. To this end, we have developed a competitive assay to assess neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor platform. We compared the clinical performance of our biosensor with established techniques such as Ortho's VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quantitative Antibody test. Results obtained between the VITROS test and the GMR assay showed correlation (r = -0.93). We then validated the assay with patient plasma samples that had been tested using focus reduction neutralization testing (FRNT). The results obtained from our GMR assay exhibit a previously identified trend of increased NAb titers 2 weeks post-vaccination. We further evaluated NAb titers 6 months post-vaccination and observed waning neutralizing antibody titers over that time in vaccinated patients. In addition, we calibrated our assay to an arbitrary unit (IU/mL) using World Health Organization (WHO) reference plasma provided by the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). Our biosensor provides highly specific and sensitive results in serum and plasma with analytical, clinical, and point-of-care (POC) applications due to quick turnaround times on samples and the cost-effectiveness of the platform.

Environmental routes of virus transmission and the application of nanomaterial-based sensors for virus detection

Many outbreaks of emerging disease (e.g., avian influenza, SARS, MERS, Ebola, COVID-19) are caused by viruses. In addition to direct person-to-person transfer, the movement of these viruses through environmental matrices (water, air, and food) can further disease transmission. There is a pressing need for rapid and sensitive virus detection in environmental matrices. Nanomaterial-based sensors (nanosensors), which take advantage of the unique optical, electrical, or magnetic properties of nanomaterials, exhibit significant potential for environmental virus detection. Interactions between viruses and nanomaterials (or recognition agents on the nanomaterials) can induce detectable signals and provide rapid response times, high sensitivity, and high specificity. Facile and field-deployable operations can be envisioned due to the small size of the sensing elements. In this frontier review, we summarize virus transmission via environmental pathways and then comprehensively discuss recent applications of nanosensors to detect various viruses. This review provides guidelines for virus detection in the environment through the use of nanosensors as a tool to decrease environmental transmission of current and emerging diseases.

Label-Free Saliva Test for Rapid Detection of Coronavirus Using Nanosensor-Enabled SERS.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the inadequacies of existing diagnostic techniques and the need for rapid and accurate diagnostic systems. Although molecular tests such as RT-PCR are the gold standard, they cannot be employed as point-of-care testing systems. Hence, a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic technique such as Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising analytical technique for rapid molecular or viral diagnosis. Here, we have designed a SERS- based test to rapidly diagnose SARS-CoV-2 from saliva. Physical methods synthesized the nanostructured sensor. It significantly increased the detection specificity and sensitivity by ~ten copies/mL of viral RNA (~femtomolar concentration of nucleic acids). Our technique combines the multiplexing capability of SERS with the sensitivity of novel nanostructures to detect whole virus particles and infection-associated antibodies. We have demonstrated the feasibility of the test with saliva samples from individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a specificity of 95%. The SERS-based test provides a promising breakthrough in detecting potential mutations that may come up with time while also preparing the world to deal with other pandemics in the future with rapid response and very accurate results.

Carbon-based nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications

COVID-19, which was first spread in China in 2019 and consequently spread worldwide, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2. Today, various carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon dots, and carbon nanotubes have been explored for the specific detection and targeted inhibition/inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 due to their great surface chemical structures, easy to-functionalization, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. According to exclusive inherent properties, carbon-based nanomaterials are promising candidates for targeted antiviral drug delivery and the inhibitory effects against pathogenic viruses based on photothermal effects or reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. These high-stability nanomaterials exhibited unique physicochemical properties, providing efficient nanoplatforms for optical and electrochemical sensing and diagnostic applications with high sensitivity and selectivity. Up to now, these materials have been used for the fabrication of diagnostic kits, different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as anti-viral masks, vaccines, self-cleaning surfaces, and other subjects. This review article explores the most recent developments in carbon-based nanomaterials' diagnostic and therapeutic potential towards SARS-CoV-2 detection and inhibition, different mechanisms, challenges and benefits of the carbon-based nanomaterials.

Microfluidic nanodevices for drug sensing and screening applications.

The outbreak of pandemics (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 in 2019), influenza A viruses (H1N1 in 2009), etc.), and worldwide spike in the aging population have created unprecedented urgency for developing new drugs to improve disease treatment. As a result, extensive efforts have been made to design novel techniques for efficient drug monitoring and screening, which form the backbone of drug development. Compared to traditional techniques, microfluidics-based platforms have emerged as promising alternatives for high-throughput drug screening due to their inherent miniaturization characteristics, low sample consumption, integration, and compatibility with diverse analytical strategies. Moreover, the microfluidic-based models utilizing human cells to produce in-vitro biomimetics of the human body pave new ways to predict more accurate drug effects in humans. This review provides a comprehensive summary of different microfluidics-based drug sensing and screening strategies and briefly discusses their advantages. Most importantly, an in-depth outlook of the commonly used detection techniques integrated with microfluidic chips for highly sensitive drug screening is provided. Then, the influence of critical parameters such as sensing materials and microfluidic platform geometries on screening performance is summarized. This review also outlines the recent applications of microfluidic approaches for screening therapeutic and illicit drugs. Moreover, the current challenges and the future perspective of this research field is elaborately highlighted, which we believe will contribute immensely towards significant achievements in all aspects of drug development.

COVID-19 clinical waste reuse: A triboelectric touch sensor for IoT-cloud supported smart hand sanitizer dispenser.

Earth's plastic pollution has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the world is on the doorstep of an enormous waste pandemic. The extensive use of mandatory personal protectives like masks, gloves, and PPE kits and the lack of proper waste management systems lead to a rise in the plastic pollution content of the earth. Such disposable and non-biodegradable personal protectives are thrown out to the environment after use. These distributed wastes pollute land, soil, and water bodies and effects their ecosystems. This research work establishes the concept of a waste-to-energy conversion approach to reuse COVID-19 scraps for green and sustainable development. Three-layered surgical masks and nitrile gloves were reused in this work after sterilization for energy harvesting and sensing applications by fabricating a 3D-printed contact-separation-based triboelectric nanogenerator. A piece of three-layered mask and nitrile gloves were placed inside the 3D structure as the top negative and bottom positive triboelectric materials with copper and aluminum as corresponding electrodes (MG-CS TENG). It can convert external mechanical motions into electrical energy. The maximum voltage, current, and power density obtained from the device are 50.7 V, 4.8 µA, and 6.39 µW/cm2, respectively, for a mechanical force of 9 N. The harvested energy was sufficient to power small-scale electronic devices like digital tally counters, wristwatches, lumex displays, and series connected 25 LEDs. MG-CS TENG was also performed as a pedal-operated touch sensor to dispense hand sanitizer. MG-CS TENG was pedal pressed to trigger a microcontroller and control the solenoid valve's opening and closing to regulate sanitizer flow. The setup was integrated using the internet of things (IoT) and Blynk cloud services for the remote monitoring and controlling of the sanitizer dispenser using a smartphone. This work contributes a substantial role in disaster management to suppress microplastic environmental pollution by reusing pandemic wastes for energy harvesting and sensing applications and preventing the spread of coronavirus through proper hand sanitization.

A systematic review of the advancement on colorimetric nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

The current pandemic of the acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) killed about 6.4 million and infected more than 600 million individuals by august of 2022, and researchers worldwide are searching for fast and selective approaches for this virus detection. Colorimetric biosensors are an excellent alternative because they are sensitive, simple, fast, and low-cost for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 compared to standard Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. This study systematically searched and reviewed literature data related to colorimetric biosensors in detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses, recovered from the Scopus (n = 16), Web of Science (n = 19), PubMed (n = 19), and Science Direct (n = 17) databases totalizing n = 71 articles. Data were analyzed for the type of nanomaterial, biorecognition material at the detection limit (LOD), and devices designed for diagnostics. The most applied nanomaterial were gold nanoparticles, in their original form and hybrid in quantum dots and core-shell. In addition, we show high specificity in point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices as a faster and cheaper alternative for clinical diagnosis. Finally, the highlights of the colorimetric biosensor developed for diagnostic devices applied in swabs, surgical masks, and lateral flow immunoassays were presented.

ULTRASENSITIVE AND RAPID DETECTION OF COVID-19 VIRUS USING DUAL-CLAMPED SURFACE-ENHANCED-RAMAN-SCATTERING NANOSENSORS

The COVID-19 outbreak spreads around world, accumulated to more than 27 million confirmed cases and 800k deaths. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a gold-standard diagnostic method, were labor intensive, time-consuming and costly, which restricted its application to widespread screening. Herein, this study purposes a one-pot and non-washing method to rapidly detect virus by dual-clamped surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mechanism. COVID Antigens were captured by SERS nanoparticles and novel SERS substrate simultaneously to achieve 6 order enhancements within 20 minutes. The dual-SERS sensors have reached a detection limit of 1 ng/ml in clinical samples for recognizing nucleocapsid & Spike proteins of COVID-19, which is comparable with PCR results. © 2021 MicroTAS 2021 - 25th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences. All rights reserved.

A systemic review on liquid crystals, nanoformulations and its application for detection and treatment of SARS - CoV- 2 (COVID - 19).

The COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has instigated major health problems and prompted WHO to proclaim a worldwide medical emergency. The knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 fundamental structure, aetiology, its entrance mechanism, membrane hijacking and immune response against the virus, are important parameters to develop effective vaccines and medicines. Liquid crystals integrated nano-techniques and various nanoformulations were applied to tackle the severity of the virus. It was reported that nanoformulations have helped to enhance the effectiveness of presently accessible antiviral medicines or to elicit a fast immunological response against COVID-19 virus. Applications of liquid crystals, nanostructures, nanoformulations and nanotechnology in diagnosis, prevention, treatment and tailored vaccine administration against COVID-19 which will help in establishing the framework for a successful pandemic combat are reviewed. This review also focuses on limitations associated with liquid crystal-nanotechnology based systems and suggests the possible ways to address these limitations. Also, topical advancements in the ground of liquid crystals and nanostructures established diagnostics (nanosensor/biosensor) are discussed in detail.

Role of Nano-Sensors towards CO2Concentrations in an Indoor Classroom Environment to improve Occupational Health

Indoor ventilation is trivial in the current scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic in the workplace and public places. To support humans by preventing various airborne infectious diseases in the indoor environment, this work elaborates on measuring the CO2 concentrations in indoor classroom use through the sensors. It can differentiate between various changes in the environment. Due to advancements in nanotechnology and microcontroller systems, the traditional usage of sensors has moved way beyond its reach in a diverse set of fields. Electrochemical gas sensors like MQ series sensors consist of nano-materials fabricated to define characteristics like sensitivity, selectivity, etc. Using these nano-science and nano-electronics technologies, a low-cost prototype with Arduino UNO, and a few other micro-sensors (DHT11, MQ2, MQ135) to measure environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and smoke and thus ensure a healthy workspace by continuously monitoring the readings in real-time. Classroom Environments may face various challenges in the pandemic situation where there is a massive density of occupancy as well as poor ventilation rates. The outdoor ventilation of the classroom is far more challenging than the indoor environment. The results reveal that this system can provide effective indoor monitoring and assessment for prohibiting harmful exposures and risk factors. Data analysis shows the correlation between humidity and quality of air based on CO2 concentrations. Poor ventilation can be lessened by reducing Air Conditioning systems and figuring out the pollutants present in the classroom environment benefiting the users with respiratory illness. © 2022 IEEE.

Nanosensors: Recent Perspectives on Attainments and Future Promise of Downstream Applications

Nano Sensors are sensing devices with a dimension of less than or equal to 100nm. They are incredibly tiny devices that transform physical, chemical, or biological substances into detectable signals. Because of this device's capacity to detect physical and chemical changes, nanotechnology has emerged as a technology of choice in a variety of industries. The device provides efficient and cost-effective methods for detecting and measuring chemical and physical characteristics. This overview discusses the status of Nano Sensors, as well as their accomplishments and potential applications toward downstream targets in medical, security, agriculture as well in Covid-19 detection. The paper provides a summary and critical analysis of various architectures (structures) employed in the development and use of Nano Sensors. Surface engineering is used to generate diverse chemistries for both general and specialised purposes. We derived fresh findings from available data on the mechanism, prospective development of various structures, approaches, and applications, and highlighted the contrasts and similarities in their characteristics and working processes. The review further summarized ability and future expected of this sensor in dealing with the various challenges where different nano sensors, types, fabrication techniques and applications with highlighted novelties of these techniques and applications are presented.

Grand Challenges in Bio-Nanotechnology to Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic

The outbreak of the COVID-19, a human beta coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) virus infection, has severely affected the world. The pandemic is not yet in full control due to a lack of rapid diagnostics and therapeutics. This viral infection continues to result in a steadily increasing loss of life, and it has also emerged as a significant global socio-economic burden. As result, it has united many countries for the purposes of exploring molecular biology, biomedical science, and the nanotechnology to manage COVID-19 successfully. As of today, the current priority is to investigate novel therapies of high efficacy and smart diagnostics tools for early-stage disease diagnostics along with monitoring. Keeping these advancement and challenges in mind, this perspective article mainly highlights the contribution and possibilities of bio-nanotechnology to manage the COVID-19 pandemic, even in a personalized manner. Authors also pinpoint barriers to the utilization of current bio-nanotechnology to facilitate a more accurate understanding of COVID-19 and to lead the way toward personalized health and wellness. Furthermore, we follow the discussion of the features and challenges in upcoming bio-nanotechnology approaches for COVID-19 management. In this progressive option report, bio-nanotechnologies that have been enriched with the power of artificial intelligence and optimized at the personalized level have been found to lead to a sustainable treatment and cure strategy at a global population scale. Copyright © 2020 Paliwal, Sargolzaei, Bhardwaj, Bhardwaj, Dixit and Kaushik.

Fluorescent-based nanosensors for selective detection of a wide range of biological macromolecules: A comprehensive review.

Thanks to their unique attributes, such as good sensitivity, selectivity, high surface-to-volume ratio, and versatile optical and electronic properties, fluorescent-based bioprobes have been used to create highly sensitive nanobiosensors to detect various biological and chemical agents. These sensors are superior to other analytical instrumentation techniques like gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis for being biodegradable, eco-friendly, and more economical, operational, and cost-effective. Moreover, several reports have also highlighted their application in the early detection of biomarkers associated with drug-induced organ damage such as liver, kidney, or lungs. In the present work, we comprehensively overviewed the electrochemical sensors that employ nanomaterials (nanoparticles/colloids or quantum dots, carbon dots, or nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks, etc.) to detect a variety of biological macromolecules based on fluorescent emission spectra. In addition, the most important mechanisms and methods to sense amino acids, protein, peptides, enzymes, carbohydrates, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, vitamins, ions, metals, and electrolytes, blood gases, drugs (i.e., anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics), toxins, alkaloids, antioxidants, cancer biomarkers, urinary metabolites (i.e., urea, uric acid, and creatinine), and pathogenic microorganisms were outlined and compared in terms of their selectivity and sensitivity. Altogether, the small dimensions and capability of these nanosensors for sensitive, label-free, real-time sensing of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical agents could be used in array-based screening and in-vitro or in-vivo diagnostics. Although fluorescent nanoprobes are widely applied in determining biological macromolecules, unfortunately, they present many challenges and limitations. Efforts must be made to minimize such limitations in utilizing such nanobiosensors with an emphasis on their commercial developments. We believe that the current review can foster the wider incorporation of nanomedicine and will be of particular interest to researchers working on fluorescence technology, material chemistry, coordination polymers, and related research areas.

Nanoagent-based theranostic strategies against human coronaviruses.

The emergence of human coronaviruses (HCoVs), especially the current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), engender severe threats to public health globally. Despite the outstanding breakthrough of new vaccines and therapeutic medicines in the past years, HCoVs still undergo unpredictable mutations, thus demanding more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Benefitting from the unique physicochemical properties and multiple nano-bio interactions, nanomaterials hold promising potential to fight against various HCoVs, either by providing sensitive and economic nanosensors for rapid viral detection, or by developing translatable nanovaccines and broad-spectrum nanomedicines for HCoV treatment. Herein, we systemically summarized the recent applications of nanoagents in diagnostics and therapeutics for HCoV-induced diseases, as well as their limitations and perspectives against HCoV variants. We believe this review will promote the design of innovative theranostic nanoagents for the current and future HCoV-caused pandemics.

Non-invasive smart implants in healthcare: Redefining healthcare services delivery through sensors and emerging digital health technologies

The adoption of non-invasive smart implants is inevitable due to recent technological advancements in smart implants and the increasing demand to provide pervasive and personalized care. The integration of non-invasive smart implants presents unprecedented opportunities for effective disease prevention, real-time health data collection, early detection of diseases, real-time monitoring of chronic diseases, virtual patient care, patient-tailored treatment, and minimally invasive management of diseases. Even though the research work in this area is nascent, this study presents the potential benefits and use of non-invasive smart implants in healthcare while reflecting on the potential challenges and limitations of their utilization. With current technological advancements, the adoption of non-invasive smart implants is regaining momentum in managing chronic conditions and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairment;orthopedic surgery, dental surgery;and managing and remotely monitoring infectious diseases such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the full adoption and utilization of non-invasive smart implants still encounter barriers such as lack of policies and frameworks regulating their use, limited memory space, health consequences and implants' failure, clinical challenges, health hazards imposed by non-invasive smart implants, health data security, and privacy risks. Therefore, there is a need for robust security and privacy measures as well as the formulation of policies guiding the development and use of non-invasive smart implants. With the gained experience from smart implants, the next generation of non-invasive smart implants may include sophisticated modern computational techniques that can analyze health data and suggest adequate therapeutic actions.

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for the Management of COVID-19: Recent Developments and Challenges.

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its inception in late December 2019, COVID-19 has led to a tremendous loss of human life worldwide. To overcome the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to the public and economic health, strengthening the healthcare system is of utmost need. In this regard, research communities are putting efforts into developing an advanced healthcare system that could reduce the severe impacts of this pandemic. Nanotechnology is an advanced technology that has contributed significantly to produce powerful arsenals for the frontline warriors in this battle against COVID-19. It has offered opportunities for the development of fast and accurate point-of-care testing, efficient therapeutics and vaccines, potent sanitizers, facemasks, and personal protective equipment against SARS-CoV-2. However, associated toxicity, lengthy procedures of clinical trials, and uncertain health risks are some points that are still debatable. The present paper provides an overview of COVID-19 specific therapeutics and vaccines with an emphasis on nano-based strategies, which are significantly contributing towards the success of mitigation measures and strategies against COVID-19. Furthermore, the associated challenges, current limitations, and opportunities in this field are discussed.